Architecture of Transylvanian Stone Churches from Romania (13th – 15th Centuries)
Central-European Art
Adrian Andrei Rusu, Ioan of Hunedoara and Romanian People in their time. .... Vasile DrăguŃ, The Leşnic Church, in SCIA, year 10, no.
http://www.rotron.net/docs/contenuti2008/Summer2008/testiabstract/Valentin_Arhitectura.pdf
The distinctive history of the three Romanian Countries, politically, economically
as well as culturally speaking, led to the enrichment of the Romanian artistic patrimony.
While Wallachia was primarily influenced by the Byzantine architecture, Transylvania was impregnated by the Western models, the Byzantine ones occurring only rarely. Thus there will be major differences between the area beyond the Carpathians where the three-apse church type dominates the architecture and Transylvania, where the hall-type church is famous
1 The relationships of the Transylvanian principality with the Southern orthodox society were not the closest. Although they were not subordinated to the Catholic Church, the Romanians from Hateg and Crisul Alb Countries had not built a religious hierarchy accepted by the Constantinople Patriarchate
2. The same were the relations with the Byzantine artisans and their artistic work, modest. The most natural and practical solution for the Transylvanian princes to satisfy their artistic aspirations was to appeal to the stonemasons from the complex central-European environment. Therefore, Transylvania of the 13th – 15th centuries was to become the scene of a Romanic-Gothic - influenced art.
The activities of the catholic religious orders or of the itinerant workshops coming from the southern-western and eastern Germany and other central-European countries were the ones which allowed the infusion of occidental art
3.1 Along the same line, the churches from Crisul Alb/Zarand Countries belong to the architectural style specific to the central Europe which is very different from the one in Wallachia or Moldavia, although all of them are Romanian orthodox churches.
See
1 Irina Popa, Les peintures murales du pays de Zarand (Transylvanie) au debut du XVeme siecle. Considerations sur l’iconographie et la technique des peintures murales. Memoire de Dea d’Archéologie Byzantine sous la Direction de Monsieur Jean -Paul Sodini et Chaterine Jolivet-Lévy, Université de Paris I- Panthéon Sorbonne, Laboratoire de Recherche des Musées de France, Paris octobre 1995, p. 18.
2 Ibidem, p. 17.
3 Vasile Drăgut, Transylvanian Mural Painting, Meridiane Printing House, Bucharest, 1970, p. 10.
There was the question whether a clerical architecture specific to the Romanian people of the medieval kingdom of Hungary existed. According to researcher Adrian
Andrei Rusu, the architecture of the Romanian churches reflects the tendencies of the age. It is as Transylvanian as the buildings of Hungarians or Saxons. Just as these
Hungarian or Saxon buildings, the Romanian churches built by the Transylvanian principality add value to the architectonic elements coming from the catholic West 4. It is precisely the distinctive history of Transylvania that had a major influence on the artistic creations which determined the assertion of the hall-church plan. For a better understanding of this local characteristic, a short history of the Romanian hall-churches is reviewed below.
ROMANIAN HALL CHURCHES IN TRANSYLVANIA
The opinions regarding the provenance of the hall-church type or the longitudinal type of church with rectangular apse in Transylvania, especially in Hunedoara County, as it is known nowadays, have been different and conflicting. One of the opinions was that the plan of the hall-church made of stone is the natural continuation of the initial plan of the autochthonous wooden churches5. Thus, it was underlined the idea that the stone churches built by the Transylvanian princes were nothing but the transposition of the former wooden models in stone. Everything was presented as a local organic evolution which would exclude any foreign influences. Obviously, this point of view assumed the existence of a Romanian manpower specialised in stone cutting and building6. At a certain point, based on a documentary source, it was identified a transition period from
the wooden churches to those made of stone. The main argument was the church in Valea (4 Adrian Anrei Rusu, Ioan of Hunedoara and Romanian People in their time. University Press from Cluj, Cluj-Napoca 1999, p. 282-283.
5 Virgil Vătăsianu, Ancient Romanian Stone Churches from Hunedoara County (excerpt from ACMIT),
Cluj 1930, p.149; Idem, Hystory of Art – Exploration Methods, 3rd edition, Clusium Printing House, Cluj-Napoca 2004, p. 117-118. The same theory is backed up by Vasile Dragut, too, not so explicitly, though, Ancient Monuments of Hunedoara, Meridiane Printing House, Bucharest 1968, p.11.
6 Vasile DrăguŃ considers that Romanians have learnt the art of stone building in Gothic manner from the noble fortification building sites and royal camps where they might have done journey work, starting with 1242 till the middle of the 14th century. See Vasile Drăgut, Mural Painting..., p. 17; Idem, Gothic Art in Romania, Meridiane Printing House, Bucharest 1979, p. 84.)
village (Banat County), where a church made ‘partly of wood and partly of stone’ was mentioned in 1370 on Timan’s land of Romanian people
7. However, everything mentioned above is based especially on some intellectual
speculations and less on real facts in territory. It is known the fact that we can not have a clear image about how the medieval Romanian wooden churches looked like, as none of them has survived and the archaeological findings are not comprehensive8. Or, if digging samples are found, these do not sustain the hypothesis according to which the hall-church plan with rectangular altar evolved from the autochthonous wooden churches. The wooden church from Cuhea village, dating from the first half of the 15th century, was built with a polygonal apse
9 even in those times.According to another important theory, the Santamaria Orlea church (fig. 1) is assigned with the merit of being the first to open the long string of hall-churches with
rectangular altar from Transylvania10. The same as the church from Nima (north of Transylvania), Santamaria Orlea church is the result of the Transylvanian artistic environment from the second half of the 13th century, when the itinerant masons coming from West were making buildings in Gothic-Cistercian style11 with some Romanic reminiscences.
7 Vasile DrăguŃ, Ancient Monuments..., p. 10; Idem, Mural Painting..., p. 17.
8 About the dificulty of forming a clear opinion regarding the wooden medieval Romanian churches, see Adrian Andrei Rusu, Ioan of Hunedoara, p. 270-279.
9 Vasile DrăguŃ, Mural Painting..., p. 17-18.
10 Idem, Ancient Monuments..., p.11 ; Radu Popa, The Beginnings of the Romanian Middle Ages. Hateg
Country, Scientific and Encyclopaedic Printing House, Bucharest 1988, p. 232.
11 Eugenia Greceanu, Gothic Influences in the Architecture of Transylvanian Stone Churches, in SCIA
series of Plastic Art, vol. 18, no. 1, 1971, p. 36; Dana Jenei, Transylvanian Gothic Mural Painting , Noi
Printing House, Media Print, Bucharest 2007, p.22.
Fig.1 Sântămărie Orlea Church
4 The longitudinal type of church has not asserted itself from the very beginning without any exception to the rule. Among the first clerical stone buildings are those from Densus and Gurasada. They are of central plan and bring a distinguished feature to the Transylvanian art
12. However, it was underlined that the two of them have not become renowned and only the longitudinal plan inaugurated at Santamaria Orlea was to gain exclusive popularity the following centuries
13. This way, short time after, the prestigious model from Santamaria Orlea was probably taken over among the other church types in a more rustic way. However, as far as Santamaria Orlea is concerned, it was recognized the participation of an itinerant stonemason workshop coming from West. The other churches, on the other hand, were considered to be the creation of some local Romanian workshops that had acquired the art of stone building
14.All Middle Ages Transylvanian churches must have been built by masons like those in Santamaria Orlea as the Romanian villages could not have offered the cultural conditions necessary to create local masons or long traditions in stone building. Even more than that, the Romanian villages did not have the economical power to request constant building15. Thus, the occurrence of the hall-church plan with rectangular altar is not bizarre at all. At the end of the 13th century, a series of older Romanic apsides are replaced with rectangular choruses16 in Bohemia and Poland, which proves that this practice was in vogue all over Central Europe. A string of examples found on the Hungarian territory completes our vision on the dimension of the phenomenon, even offering to us the possibility to track down the probable routes of the itinerant masons. Thus, at the end of the 13th century, we can find hall-churches with rectangular altar at Révfülöp17, Márfa or Egregy18. This explains the way Transylvania took over the Rhenish 12 Incidentally speaking, in case of the two churches, a former wooden model is excluded from the very beginning.????13 Vasile DrăguŃ, Ancient Monuments..., p. 11; Radu Popa, The Beginnings…, p. 232.
14 Vasile DrăguŃ, The Lesnic Church, in SCIA, year 10, no. 2, Academy of the Romanian Popular Republic,
Bucharest 1963, p 424; Idem, Ancient Monuments..., p. 10; Idem, Gothic Art..., p. 84.
15 Our opinion was sustained by Mr. A.A. Rusu’s appreciations which he was kind to share with us.
16 Eugenia Greceanu, Gothic Influences…, footnote 22.
17 Virgil Vătăsianu, Romanic Architecture and Sculpture in Medieval Pannonia, Academy of Socialist Republic of Romania, Bucharest 1966, p. 104-105.
5
pattern of the pyramid-shaped steeple which was widely spread in Pannonia 19. The similarities between the church from Egregy (fig. 2) and that from Strei (fig. 3) are so
striking that they could even be confused at a first look 20.
it is thought that Egregy's medieval church was built in the second quarter of the 13th century (http://hungarystartshere.com/Chapel-kapolna-Heviz-Egregy), near the lake Balaton,
Fig.2 Egregy Church (Hungary)
Fig.3 Strei Church
18 Ibidem, p. 105.
19 Ibidem, p. 106.
20 See fig. 133 of Virgil Vătăsianu, ..., p. 105.
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Besides the whole image, the biforian windows split by a colonnette with capital that ends in a triangle, just like the simple windows, betray the same common artistic
language. Therefore we can conclude that the church from Strei is not a rustic or less done replication of the Santamaria Orlea church as it was considered so far21, but the
creation of another stonemason workshop. We are tempted to believe the same thing happened with the other churches, too. The future studies on the Central European art
will certainly reveal many more examples and surprises. Having all these said, we can notice based on the exploration on site that the
Romanian principality society takes advantage of the medieval Transylvanian period when great churches, such as those from Alba-Iulia, CârŃa or Cluj are built. That joins
this territory to the occidental pattern of building. Now is the time for the significant cultural and civilisation transferring as well as the itinerant masons travelling from town
to town or village to village in pursue of new requirements. Together with the Romanian princes22 and the itinerant masons, artistic elements of the complex central-European
society will emerge in Transylvania.
21 Vasile DrăguŃ, The Lesnic Church..., footnote no. 5, p.424; Idem, Gothic Art..., p. 31.
22 During war, due to his quality of noble man, the romanian prince was to be ready to fight for the king at
any time. As an example, prince Ioan the Romanian fighting together with king Sigismund of Luxemburg
till far-away Bohemia. See Radu Popa, p.176.
CRISCIOR
http://www.igloo.ro/static/habitat/articole/1169/display/481.jpg
http://www.ici.ro/romania/ro/turism/hd_criscior.html
http://www.buces.ro/engl/turism_e/drumul_varului_e.htm
• In Criscior there can be visited the orthodox church from the XV century, with very old paintings and with the best votive painting in Transylvania. The original mural painting is kept in the entire western side of the church decorating the southern, western and northern walls. The votiv painting is remarcable because of the painter’s effort to picture the real portraits of the founders and it is extremely important for the history of Romanian costume at the beginning of the XV century
http://www.cjhunedoara.ro/index.php-meniuId=26&viewCat=212.htm
Criscior-with the oldest architectural monument in Zarand-The orthodox church (1404)-building of the of the prince Vlad Balea.
VOIEVOD BALEA AND VLADISLAV II (From Vasile Dragut, Pictura murala din Transylvania, Ed. Meridiane, 1970)
The church is traditional type formed of a nave, pro-nave and absidat altar, initially hexagonal, and starting in the the XIX-th century, semi-circular. The tower is massive and high located in front of the pro-nave. The picture within the pro-nave dates somewhere around 1395-1404. Also the representation of the Last Supper in circular composition may be found here.
RIBITA
http://www.tebea.ro/PicsDiv/bisRibitaM.jpg
St Nicholas church, built by the Ribita’s princes from uncut stone at the end of the XIV century. The mural painting is present on the entire surface of the walls being considered the most valuable Byzantine fresco from Transylvania
Ribita - a church built by princes Vladislav and Miclaus, with a valorous wall painting (1417). The picture within the nave is Byzantine style and represents the founder of the church.
Prima atestare documentara a localitatii Ribita dateaza din anul 1369 ,prin documentul care « ii confirma lui Neacsa Teodor, stapinirea asupra satelor Ribita, Mesteacanul de Sus si de Jos si Tertfala (Tebea ).Neacsa Teodor era tatal cneazului Vladislav, viitorul ctitor al bisericii de la Ribita . Acesta , in anul 14o4 este sanctionat cu pierderea mosiilor de catre regele Sigismund de Luxemburg , « nota infidelitas ».In acelasi an, fiii lui Matia , Vladislav si Miclaus ,reprimesc mosiile, drept multumire,probabil, incep constuctia bisericii de la Ribita. La 1417 localitatea Ribita apare in pisania din biserica « Sf, Nicolae », monument de arhitectura de o valoare exceptionala.
La 1439 sunt atestate satele Vaca( Crisan ), Juncu si Uibaresti. Referitor la satul Junc, de remarcat este faptul ca initial(pina la inceputul sec.XX) a fost doar un singur sat cu acest nume, iar din anul 1964 numele satelor Juncu de Sus si Juncu de Jos au fost schimbate in Dumbrava de Sus si, respectiv ,Dumbrava de Jos.Satul Ribicioara este amintit intr-un document din anul 1441..
In Tara Zarandului , ca de altfel in intreaga Transilvanie, s-au pastrat mult timp dupa cucerirea acesteia de catre maghiari, institutii administrativ teritoriale romanesti. La inceputul evului mediu ,documentele mentioneaza fara insa a ne da multe detalii, existenta in cadrul comitatului Zarandului a opt disticte romanesti, din care sase sunt pomenite intr-o diploma din 139o : Halmagiu, Capalna, Virfurile, Izvorul Crisului, Araneag si Cladova. La 14o4 este amintit districtul Crisului Alb, pentu ca in 1441 sa fie mentionat si districtul Ribita ( districtus Ribicza ) .
KOVIN
a.Mănăstirea franciscană
Cuvinul a fost din a doua jumătate a veacului al XIV-lea şi până la cucerirea turcească de la mijlocul secolului al XVI-lea centrul unei custodii a franciscanilor, ce a făcut parte din vicariatul Bosniei. (Karácsonyi, 1924, II p. 109). Apariţia centrului franciscan din Cuvin, alături de cele de la Haram şi Armeniş de pe linia Dunării, se leagă nemijlocit de existenţa Banatului Bulgariei în anii 1365-1369, ca structură militară a regatului angevin maghiar. Momentul apariţiei, în anul 1368, vehiculat de obicei în istoriograe, se circumscrie ofensivei militare şi confesionale promovate de Ludovic I. (Dujčev, 1965, p. 414; Karácsonyi, II, 1924, p. 109). Ea apare consemnată în registrele ordinului franciscan după mijlocul secolului al XIV-lea (Györffy, III, 1987, p. 318; Waddiugus, 1932, IX, p. 294-296; Tăutu, 1966, p. 66). Nu exista o situaţie privilegiată în privinţa informaţiilor istorice privind activitatea ei misionară în cursul secolului al XV-lea. Ea se regăseşte, alături de aşezămintele franciscane din Banat, în documentul papal din 3septembrie 1433 prin care se conrmă privilegiile mai vechi dobândite. (Fermendžin, 1892, p. 139-140; p. 199-200; Suciu, Constantinescu, I, 198
p. 92). Dispariţia conventului a fost pusă pe seama atacurilor turceşti după cucerirea, în anul 1459, a cetăţii Smederevo (Karácsonyi, II, 1924, p.109; Koszta, 2000, p. 67).
b. Mănăstirea ortodoxă
Mănăstirea cu hramul „Sfântu Dimitrie” de la Cuvin este cunoscută dintr-un document turcesc din anul 1579 (Engel, 1996, p.80; 133). Zidirea mănăstirii „Sfântu Dimitrie poate pusă pe seama despotului Lazăr, care a primit această feudă în anul 1458 (Popović, 1955, p. 122).
Pe malul Dunării, la circa 4 km de Cuvin, toponimulManastirište păstrează probabil amintirea mănăstirii „Sfântu Dimitrie”. Ea s-a aat în acest spaţiu, iar acum zidurile acesteia se aă sub apă. Cercetările de teren ale colegului Dimitrie Madas de la Pancevo au identicat, în apropiere, ceramica din sec. XV-XVI. În absenţa unor informaţii mai precise şi a unei cercetări arheologice este greu de atribuit conventului franciscan ori mănăstirii ortodoxe locul ruinelor de laManastirište. La circa 10 km est de Kovin se aă toponimulCrvenka, care sugerează clar existenţa unei biserici, poate a unei mănăstiri medievale.
HODOS-BODROG
Mănăstirea „Adormirea Maicii Domnului”
Mănăstirea ortodoxă Hodos - Bodrog este situată actualmente pe malul stâng al Mureşului, între satele Felnac şi Zădăreni, la Bodrogul Nou. Iniţial ea se găsea pe un grind al Mureşului, până la inundaţiile din 1843, când a fost regularizat cursul râului. (Meteş, 1936, p.182; Rusu, 2000, p.74). În mod constant în istoriograe s-a căutat o apropiere şi s-au făcut eforturi de a demonstra o translaţie directă de la abaţia catolică din sec. XII-XIII la mănăstirea ortodoxă din sec. XV de la Hodos-Bodrog (Karácsonyi, 1905, p. 77-83; Szentkláray, 1908, p.25; Meteş, 1936, p. 182; Petković, 1950, p. 341; Ziroević, 1984, p. 199). Este chestiune deja acceptată că la Bodrog, pe malul Mureşului, au existat două mănăstiri, între care nu se pot face apropieri cronologice şi confesionale.
Biserica mănăstirii Hodos-Bodrog este un monument cu plan triconc, care a fost ridicată în prima jumătate a sec. XV (Popa, 1989a, p. 229; Rusu, 2000, p.76; Moisescu, 2001, p. 188). Monumentul, ce a supravieţuit vicisitudinilor istorice neafectat ori transformat, reectă acumulările şi nuanţările suferite de acest tip de biserică, pornit din şcoala sârbească de arhitectură de pe valea Moravei în a doua jumătate a veacului al XIV-lea, în spaţiul bănăţean şi muntean. Monumentul evidenţiază o dezvoltare a spaţiilor aproape simetrică spre răsărit şi vest. Astfel, lipsită de pronaos, ea prezintă o navă mult alungită ce măsoară 6,80/5,80 m, ancată de cele două abside laterale cu plan circular la interior şi poligonal în afară. Braţul estic al triconcului este mult alungit, închis, cu o absidă semicirculară la interior şi poligonală la exterior (Fig. 11B). Ea are apropieri tipologice evidente cu mănăstirea Bezdin. Turla, ce încununează nava, are un tambur octogonal în secţiune exterioară şi circular la interior, ind susţinută de cele două perechi de pilaştri care anchează absidele laterale (Fig. 18). Tradiţia sârbească, preluată în istoriograe, atribuie ctitoria acestei mănăstiri nobilului sârb Dimitrie Jaksić în anul 1498 (Szentkláray, 1908, p.25; Jovanović, 2000
p.146; Petković, 1950, p. 341). Documentele otomane din 1567 au însemnat la mănăstirea Hodos pe călugării George şi Toader (Káldy, 1982, p. 138).
Conscripţia mănăstirilor bănăţene din anul 1775 marchează, la rubrica privitoare la vechimea mănăstirii Hodoş, epoca lui Sigismund de Luxemburg (Suciu, Constantinescu, I, 1980, p.344). Informaţiile istorice sumare lasă deschisă discuţia cu privire la ctitorul mănăstirii Hodoş-Bodrog din prima jumătate a sec. XV. Rusu, 2000, p.77; Meteş, 1936, p.182; Suciu, 1977, p.47; Ştefănescu, 1981, p.34; Ştefănescu, 1981, p. 82.
România, Bodrogu Vechi, j. Arad
Biserica ortodoxă românească din Lipova, cu hramul Adormirea Maicii Domnului,
în forma ei actuală acoperă fundaţiile unui monument idicat în jurul anului 1400. Acest monument, distrus de refacerile repetate ale bisericii, dar cu deosebire de restaurarea nefericită din anii 1928 – 1930, a atras atenţia arhitectei Eugenia Greceanu (Greceanu, 1976, p. 279-289). Ea a propus o reconstituire a planului iniţial, pe temeiul observaţiilor făcute la restaurarea din anii 1928-1930 şi a planului vechilor fundaţii lăsat de arhitectul restaurator (Ibidem, p. 282). Biserica a avut o navă dreptunghiulară cu laturile de 18,70 m/9,50 m, ancată de pridvoare, la nord şi la sud ce măsurau 3,20m/1,70 m. Un altar prelung de 8,80/5,60 închis în hemiciclu se desfăşura în prelungirea pereţilor navei. Două încăperi, cu plan dreptunghiular (4,20/1,20), marcau pereţii laterali ai altarului (Fig. 11A). Structura planimetrică a monumentului, cu cele două pridvoare ce joacă rolul unui transept şi altarul prelung închis cu absidă semicirculară, sugerează originea în arhitectura sârbească (Greceanu, 1976, p. 282). Bisericile mănăstirilor Voiloviţa din a doua jumătate a veacului al XVI-lea şi a celei de la Zlatiţa oferă analogii de plan şi repere cronologice pentru biserica de la Lipova. Dimensiunile remarcabile ale monumentului, cu o lungime de 27,50 m pledează pentru atribuirea sa unei biserici mănăstireşti din sec. XV- XVI. Prezenţa Snţilor Teodosie şi Pahomie, identicaţi în stratul de pictură anterior anului 1732, frecvent întâlniţi în iconograa din Ţara Românească în pictura bolniţelor şi mănăstirilor, a constituit un alt argument pentru a vedea în biserica de la Lipova o veche mănăstire ortodoxă (Rusu, Hurezan, 2000, p. 177). Argumente provenind de la surse scrise care să susţină o biserică ortodoxă românească în sec. XIV-XV la Lipova lipsesc în momentul actual şi cele invocate sunt puţin credibile.Documentele otomane au înscris în evidenţe la Lipova în anul 1554 pe Vlădica Nestor (Fodor, 1997, p. 319), iar la 1563 este discutată prezenţa în oraş a unui episcop Daniel (Szentkláray, 1908, p. 12). Activitatea unui centru episcopal la Lipova subordonat evident ierarhiei sârbeşti a fost luată în discuţie numai pentru perioada 1605-1608 (Bunea, 1904, p. 198).
România,Lipova, j. Arad
MOCERIŞ
Sat aşezat în cotul sud-estic al depresiunii intramontane Bozovici, care apare în actele medievale în veacul al XV-lea (Ţeicu, 1998, p. 355). La circa 12 km nord-vest de sat, deasupra Cheilor Nerei (450 m altitudine) se aă culmeaŢârkoviţa, unde au fost semnalate ruine de ziduri. Toponimul şi urmele de construcţii din cărămidă, piatră şi mortar dovedesc existenţa în acest loc a unei biserici medievale, foarte probabil a unei mănăstiri ortodoxe. Amplasarea ei într-un loc atât de izolat ar sugera mai degrabă aici existenţa unei mănăstiri medievale ortodoxe.
România,Moceriş, j. Cara
http://www.slideshare.net/FrescatiStory/ioanaurel-pop-istoria-transilvaniei-medievale
SHORT HISTORY OF THE ROMANIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
http://www.gloriagrup.ro/PatriarhiaPhp/eng/history1.htm
Church of saint Nicholas in Scheii Brasovului (15th century, on the place of an older one), Vad and Feleac, in the county of Cluj (15th century) and many others. The same can be said about the monasteries in Banat: Bezdin, Partos, Lipova, Semlac, Sangeorge, Sredistea Mica, Varadia, Mesici, Voilovita, Cubin, Zlatita, Cusici, Bazias, Ciclova, Ogradena Veche, all of them dating from the 14th - 15th centuries. In Bihor, the Romanian kneazes built the monastery in Voievozi (12th - 14th centuries), the churches in Seghiste, Remetea, Tileagd (14th - 15th centuries) a.s.o. In Maramures we mention the monastery of Saint Michael in Peri, placed under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1391, the churches in Cuhea, Ieud, the White Church, Apsa de Mijloc, Sarasau, Barsana etc., all of them dating from the 14th - 15th centuries. The mediaeval documents mention many archpriests, priests and egumens who used to serve in the respective churches and monasteries.
With so many churches and monasteries, priests and monks mentioned, it is natural to think that there must have been bishops too, to consecrate the respective churches and monasteries, to ordain priests and to appoint archpriests and egumens. The numerous oppressive measures taken by the popes or the Hungarian kings (especially by Ludovic the Great in 1366 and by Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1428) against the Romanian Orthodox Church over here prove the existence of certain Romanian bishops in Transylvania. Such measures were not necessary but against a Church well organised and not against some isolated Christians with no religious leaders who could have been easily converted to Catholicism. All these are indisputable proofs on the continuity of the Romanian Orthodox element in the intra-Carpathian territories.
http://cartesiarte.ro/fluxdestiri.php
ARHEOLOGIE MEDIEVALA: EPISCOPII ARDELENI AI LUI STEFAN CEL MARE
Arheologii clujeni au descoperit patru morminte ce par a fi ale ierarhilor care au păstorit, în Evul Mediu, episcopia ortodoxă întemeiată în satul Feleacu de către voievodul Moldovei Ştefan cel Mare. Este vorba de una dintre cele mai importante descoperiri arheologice din ultimii ani. Mormintele se află chiar în interiorul bisericii medievale în stil
gotic din comună.Săpăturile din Feleacu sunt rezultatul unui proiect în care sunt parteneri Academia Română, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Muzeul Naţional de Istorie al Transilvaniei din Cluj şi Asociaţia Hyeronimus din Braşov.